![]() Unfortunately, Firefox doesn't support the File System Access API. ** Folder picking is only available in Chromium browsers (and the Electron, NWJS and UWP apps). download wikipedia with kiwix install (Windows 10) and install those. In Firefox, the PWA can be bookmarked instead, and it will still work offline. 0 (64 bits) anywhere on your hard drive or on a USB flash drive to use it. * The PWA is only installable in Chromium browsers (e.g. UPDATE: Sample archive changed to wikipedia_en_100_mini_2022-12įIX: Libzim loading error in Electron app with large ZIM archives due to race conditionįIX: Prevent race condition between reactivation of Service Worker and loading of NODEFSįIX: Add BOM to new JS files to conform to Microsoft Store requirementsįIX: Exception caused by site.js script included in Wikimedia archivesįIX: Failure to load last-visited article in Electron appįIX: Electron file and folder picking methodsįIX: In UWP app, request to launch PWA is now shown after upgrade splash screenįIX: Allow URL-based search to complete before launching full-text searchįIX: Critical bug preventing display of legacy file pickerīUILD: Build 64bit and 32bit packages separately to avoid race condition in electron-builderīUILD: All Electron apps other than 32bit Linux are now built with latest Electron Enjoy!ĮNHANCEMENT: Check for update to PWA and notify user shortly after startup of the appĮNHANCEMENT: New "auto" setting for display of hidden navboxes and tables in Wikimedia ZIMsĮNHANCEMENT: Detect historical ZIM types and add advice on using jQuery mode to read themĮNHANCEMENT: Refresh and Reset buttons provided near the top of Configuration in case of app freezeĭEV: Added developer option to force use of libzim W/ASM decoding of full-text index Version 2.3.0 of Kiwix JS has an extensive changelog, focusing on useability, versatility and some niggly bug fixes. Kiwix Desktop is perfect for in-depth research with a ZIM library, bookmarking, snippets and tabs, as well as the ability to serve a ZIM to any browser on your computer. Afterward, you will have the same Kiwix with less features in your network (simply in your web browser). Kiwix JS is perfect for very quick access and reference to your ZIM file collection, especially if you pick the folder containing all your ZIMs,** or simply drag-and-drop a ZIM into the app. If you have a local network and you want to share Kiwix with the clients of the network, you must go to Tools > Server, click on the Start button after selecting the port and then click on Load. We see Kiwix JS for Linux and Windows as complementary to Kiwix Desktop, not as a replacement. Offline Wikipedia using Kiwix Reader for Windows 10 - YouTube 0:00 / 6:10 Offline Wikipedia using Kiwix Reader for Windows 10 RickMakes 27.8K subscribers Subscribe 252 17K views 2. There is even a legacy NWJS version for Windows XP and Vista! We don't want anyone to be left behind, if we can help it. There is also an Electron app for 32bit and 64bit Linux and Windows (now using the very latest Electron version), and NWJS and UWP apps for Windows. ![]() This is the versatile and lightweight app written purely in JavaScript, and available as an offline-first, installable* Progressive Web App with Full-Text searching and (experimental) Zimit support out of the box.
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![]() God knows I like Gwen a lot, and I wanna do her justice here. That might help get my thoughts out on her easier, and help me come to an overall better conclusion. So listen up, here's the story, about a little girl that lives in a blue world.Īlright for this particular character I wanna talk her on a season-by-season basis. Today we discuss the goth girl of legend herself, and arguably the main protagonist of the whole first gen.Gwen. To quote Noah, "We knew this moment would come, we just didn't know when". Me, landing on this particular camper for this next discussion: □ Gwen abuse Cody and manipulated him despite the fact she known he like him.Me, waking up: Ugh I don't feel well.might as well move on to the next random camper! If she want to make things right with Courtney she could have done it in TDWT.Ħ. I FIND IT HARD TO BELIEVE THAT GWEN CAME BACK IN THE ISLAND TO MAKE THINGS RIGHT WITH COURTNEY WHEN CLEARLY SHE WANTED HER REPUTATION TO BE CLEAN WITH THE WHOLE DRAMA WITH DUNCAN. SHE DIDN'T EVEN FORGAVE COURTNEY WIYH THE WHOLE LIST IN SUNDADE MUNDANE EPISODE DESPITED THE FACT THAT COURTNEY FORGAVE HER WITH THE WHOLE DUNCAN FICASCO. She got mad at Courtney no reason at all in TDAS just because Courtney kiss Cameron, FIRST OF ALL THE KISS WAS AN ACCIDENT, SECOND OF ALL SECOND OF ALL THAT NOT EVEN HER BUSINESS TO criticized COURTNEY MISTAKE. ![]() She said in her TDWT elimantion in your face at Courtney also could try to beat Courtney. Kept on denying or not admitting that she didn't cheated or stole Duncan from her. She treated Courtney harshly in TDWT AND TDAS. She basically just stole her friend boyfriend not even feeling ashamed or guilty instead feeling lust over her boyfriend. Gwen was NEVER A GOOD FRIEND WITH COURTNEY AT ALL. She also thought Trent weird or awkward which he isn't INSTEAD HE SWEET AND CARING BOY THAT WOULD DO ANYTHING FOR GWEN OBVIOUSLY LOVE HER.ĥ. She also was spending less time with Trent in their realthionship while spending more time with Duncan. She even cause Trent team to elimanted him without feeling sympathy or regret in order to save her selves. Gwen broke up with Trent with the whole number 9 things unaware that something tradgic has happened to him that related to him in the past. ![]() Gwen painfully beat Heather up in the aftermath instead of beginning the bigger person or ignore Heather commentĤ. Which result Leshawna to throw a spoon at her in her forehead not feeling alright for her to hit her man.ģ. Shovel on Harold head pretending to have phobia which cause somehow Harold to be attractive to her. Not evening concerning if Harold was alright since the shovel could good have knock him out for him good. Gwen purpously hit Harold head really hard on the head with a shovel pretending to have phobia. While Lindsay was trying to be friendly with her by wanting to be her friend or attempting to hangout with her since she want to have fun.Ģ. Despite the fact she know Lindsay lack knowledge. Gwen was very rude and unconcited with Lindsay. She even tried to act innocent and blame other of her promblem when knowing it was her own fault.ġ. Gwen has physically, emotionally, and mentally hurt the other contestant without feeling smypathy or regretted. Gwen has become a SELFISH, GREEDY, SELF-CENTERED, HYPOCRITE, COLDHEARTED, AND A MANIZER She isn't even Goth she much more a loner. After rewatching TDA-TDAS It made me realize that Gwen had changed so much to worst. I DISLIKE HER NEW DEVELOPMENT AND PERSONALITY. ![]() When saluting a practitioner from other martial arts disciplines it displays mutual respect for each other’s skills and abilities. It also demonstrates your respect for the space in which you train which from a Chan perceptive reflects self respect as we are a part of everything and everything is a part of us. When you salute before entering the training area you show respect to the schools ancestral history which represent the sacrifices that your grand teachers made for the discipline. When saluting to your partner the salute shows the intention not to hurt the partner, but to help him or her to progress to help hone each other’s skills. It is customary that the student should salute before the master. When saluting to your teachers this shows your respect for his (or her) teachings. The action must have genuine intention of what one feels at the bottom of his or her heart. When the fist and the palm come together it displays the union of sharing skill and martial arts practice around the world and amongst each other as friends in all martial arts community.Īs we can already see the salute ceremony has a deep philosophical meaning and therefore should not be practiced as a mere formality.The four fingers stacked straight symbolize uniting Wushu across the four seas (or directions). Therefore, the bent thumb means that that you are not number one.Įven if you are, proper martial etiquette would demand that you remain humble and not show off. Chinese people will point to themselves with their thumb instead of their index finger, as westerners do.Ī straightened thumb, like the western thumb’s up gesture means “I’m number one!” to a Chinese. The left hand thumb is bent out of humility.The fist represents martial arts ability and using the right fist demonstrates that you are pledged to the cultivation of the martial arts, and are using martial arts to make friends.The posture is erect and the eyes are focused on the person who is being saluted.The feet are together with the knees straight. ![]() Both fist and palm are about 20 to 30 cm from the chest, with both elbows bent and the arms forming a circle.The palm of the left hand is placed over the fist.The left hand thumb is bent, and the four fingers are stacked and straight.It is a form of respect that we show when entering or leaving your place of practice, it is used to greet you master or coach and or other practitioners therefore it is very important to understand what it means. The hand salute is the most basic kung fu etiquette that any practitioner must understand before they begin there practice. It is no surprise then that the modern wushu salute today should be taken from the oldest and most honourable origin. It is said that all Chinese Martials arts originate from Shaolin and still even hundreds of years later the Shaolin monks still maintain this high level of expertise’s of physical and spiritual attainment from there practices. The salute was chosen due to its long history in wushu kung fu. The modern wushu salute that we practice today it taken from the North Shaolin Temple Salute and it was then standardised by the people’s republic of china in 1986. The wushu salute, which we perform at the beginning and at end of class, has a very deep philosophical meaning and a long cultural and ancient Chinese traditional history. ![]() In martial arts there are many different types of salutes. ![]() ![]() Requires a 64-bit processor and operating system.FM21 empowers you like never before to develop your skills and command success at your club. Every club has a story to tell and it’s up to you to write it.New additions and game upgrades deliver added levels of depth, drama and football authenticity. This is a game that rewards planning and knowledge but there’s no pre-defined ending or script to follow, simply endless opportunities. A new season review presentation picks out your best moments on and off the pitch, while showpiece victories feel much sweeter with improved title presentations and masses of media attention. Re-live your campaigns and revel in your success like never before. Moreover, you’ll now be able to approach agents directly about a player's interest in joining your club. Recruitment meetings now ensure that you and your scouting team are on the same page, both for your next moves and the club’s longer-term strategy in the transfer market. New staff roles, meetings and interactions freshen up one of the game’s most popular areas. New graphs and data maps provide clearer insight into their team’s strengths and opposition weaknesses, while there’s a wealth of new stats that will give you full statistical overview of the entire pitch. Managers benefit from a vastly increased amount of data reporting and visualisation this year, including monthly reports from the new Performance Analyst that mirrors the data real managers receive. Our extensive data improvements go beyond Matchdays, giving you all the tools to level up your pre-match preparations. This improved decision-making process has enabled better defensive and goalkeeper intelligence, enhanced central play and more variety in the final third.Īdditionally, you’ll also get more reaction and data post-match, including our brand new SIxG system, which will let you know well or badly your team performed relative to the chances they created. The rate of decision-making has increased and there’s more nuance to the decisions that players make, allowing them to be more reactive and make faster decisions. You’ll receive better analysis and advice in the pre-match build-up and those data improvements combine with our remodelled match UI to bring you closer to the action than ever before.įM21 also boasts a raft of AI improvements across every area of the pitch. MatchdayĮvery fixture now feels like a true spectacle with our best-looking match engine ever. In FM21, others will feel the impact of your words and know the sort of manager you are. Gestures enable you to express every emotion, while Quick Chats improve those short, informal conversations which are part of day-to-day life as a manager. Immerse yourself in the spectacle of match day and revel in the glory of management as your planning pays off on the pitch.Ĭommunicating with your players and the media has never been more purposeful or realistic. ![]() Craft tactical strategies, formations and styles of play for every occasion to maximise your club’s chances of winning football matches and getting those three points.There’s likely to be a starlet in your Academy knocking on the door of the first team… Join forces with your backroom staff to assess the strength and depth of your playing squad before dipping into the transfer market.Choose your colours and the challenge that best suits your ambitions and then work with your club’s hierarchy to ensure you meet theirs… or face the consequences.With more than 50 nations and 2,500 clubs at every level of the football pyramid to choose from, the possibilities are endless. In Football Manager 2021, dynamic, true-to-life management experiences and next-level detail renews that focus on you, the manager, equipping you with all the tools you need to achieve elite status. The manager is the beating heart of every football club. ![]() When you tap on Done, you will see the 2 options, and select Customise Home Screen. Then you can select and add a new wallpaper as you like. Tap on + in the bottom right-hand corner, or tap the Plus icon from the "ADD NEW" page. To customize, unlock your iPhone and swipe down from the top of the screen to get the lock screen.Now let's see how to customize wallpapers on iOS 16 at first and then how to set different wallpaper on lockscreen and home screen. And if you want change later, you can do it in Settings. You can set different wallpapers directly while customizing. Part 2: How to Set Different Wallpapers for Home and Lock Screen on iOS 16 But you can easily change this in Settings after that.Īnd according to the latest iOS update, you will have two options while customizing the lock screen wallpaper: one is to Set as Wallpaper Pair, and another is to Customise Home Screen. With iOS 16, these 2 wallpapers are set as the same by default while you customize the lock screen. Making your iPhone's wallpaper more personalized is to give a different Home Screen and Lock Screen wallpaper. Part 1: Can You Separate Home Screen and Lock Screen Wallpapers on iOS 16 Extra Tip: How to Fix iOS 16 Lock Screen Not Working.Part 4: How to Customize Lock Screen iOS 16.Part 3: Can You Have Different Wallpapers on iPhone.Part 2: How to Set Different Wallpapers for Home and Lock Screen on iOS 16.Part 1: Can You Separate Home Screen and Lock Screen Wallpapers on iOS 16.Is there any chance to separate home screen and lock screen wallpapaers? Let's find out below. One of the simplest ways to give your phone a more unique vibe is the wallpaper.īut many iOS 16 users find that they have no choice but to set the same wallpapers for home and lock screen. You can now edit and customize how the lock screen shows with widgets, wallpapers, live activities, and etc. Fix iOS 16 Cannot Disable Battery Percentage on iPhoneĪpple just showed out iOS 16, which includes the biggest update to the Lock Screen.Fix iOS 16 Fitness App Not Working on iPhone.Fix iPhone Dictation Not Working on iOS 16.Synced Hidden Photos Disappeared, Unable to Hide Again.Fix iOS 16 Flashlight Disabled on Lock Screen.Fix iPhone XR Stuck on Hello screen After iOS 16 Update.Fix iOS 16 TikTok Keeps Crashing on iPhone.Fix iOS 16 Duplicate Photos Not Showing.Fix iPhone Apple Music App Crashing on iOS 16/15.Fix iPhone Apps Keep Crashing on iOS 16.Remove Music Player from Lock Screen in iOS 16.Full Screen Music Player on iOS 16 Lock Screen.How to Go Back to iOS 15 without iTunes.Things to do before Upgrading to iOS 16. ![]() Of course, it also represents integers, but the maximum representable value is 2^53, corresponding to the Number. This primitive type allows you to represent 64-bit floating-point numbers. BigInt and arbitrary precision integersĪs you know, JavaScript has only one data type for numbers: the Number type. The new ES2020 specifications introduce a new data type, a standardized global object, and a few methods that simplify the developer's life. ![]() This addition simplifies your code and keeps the symmetry between import and export statements. Now, you can get the same result with one statement, as shown below: export * as MyModule from "./my-module.js" getElementById ( "btnBooks" ) let bookList = ītnBooks. This is great news because we can now load JavaScript modules at runtime as in the following example: const baseModulePath = "./modules" const btnBooks = document. Also, the module specifier can be any expression returning a string. The statement accepts a module specifier as an argument and returns a promise. The new import ( ) statement solves these issues by allowing you to import modules dynamically. Also, evaluating each dependent module at load time affects the performance of the application. These constraints prevent loading modules conditionally or on-demand.
It can only carry one heavy (four) until it is upgraded to have a capacity of 8, though. Unit sizes - Each unit has a different size, from the tiny artillery (one) to the enormous tank (eight).Ĭonsider this when upgrading landing craft - the level one craft has a troop capacity of 5, which means it can carry five riflemen. But they do have a maximum capacity, and can't collect more resources when full. Helping hand - The friendly gold and resource boats aren't pillaged by enemy invaders, so you can keep some loot safeguarded by ignoring those boats for a while. Keep it upgraded to increase its effectiveness. Furthermore, it protects a percentage of your entire war chest. This handy building stores gold and resources that are impervious to enemy attack. You can now watch a replay of the attack to find weak spots in your defence. Replay - If your base gets ransacked in an enemy attack, open the world map, tap the button with three lines, and find 'home base raided'. Tap on turrets and sniper towers to see their attack radius, which will help dictate their placement. Push all your buildings far away from the shore. Keep your buildings clustered around turrets so enemies can't attack anything without going through your cannons and snipers Defence - Your island is open to attack from other players, so you need to defend it. Builders - Looking for that second builder, which was so valuable in Clash in Clans? Don't be - you can only ever build one thing at a time in Boom Beach, so you'll need to wait or pay up to build or upgrade another. Make this your top priority at all times, then, so that you're always getting new abilities, buildings, and unit types. Headquarters - Unlike in Clash of Clans, there is no penalty for upgrading your headquarters here. When you return to your home island, you'll need to know how to spend your cash and resources how to defend your war chest from enemy invaders and how to get diamonds. Keep them safe behind bullet-sponge Heavies when storming enemy weapons. Zookas - Zookas, the third unit in the game, deal out massive damage but are vulnerable to enemy fire. These chunky dudes deal out very little damage, so are best used to draw enemy fire while Riflemen and Zookas do the actual fighting. Cannons and mortars, for example, have a slow rate and can't keep up with these troops.Īlways send Heavies on first, to protect your weaker troops Heavies - Don't be fooled by the Heavy's massive mini-gun. You use them to overwhelm enemies with sheer numbers. Riflemen - Riflemen are the first units in the game. Use this, and flares, to clear a safe path through particularly tricky minefields. Mines - Your gunship's artillery fire can detonate mines. Friendly fire - Artillery strikes (and, later, the powerful gunboat barrage) can hurt your own troops, so aim well away from your army. The number of tokens with which you start each battle is determined by your gunship's level. Basically, use as many as you can for artillery, flares, medpacks, and more. Tokens - Unused gunship tokens cease to exist after a battle, so don't be stingy. You can also tell your troops to attack boxes and buildings, which will yield you more gunship tokens for more artillery attacks. But be careful: if you tap near - but not on - a turret, your guys can walk to that point without shooting, opening them up to danger. You can use them to concentrate all troops on a specific dangerous turret. They let you tell your troops where to go and what to shoot. Flares - Flares, which you unlock when your headquarters reaches level 3, are incredibly important. ![]() ![]() Plus, you might discover that you need to go back to base and change your troops to suit the defences against which you'll be going up. The scout shows that mortars and cannons can't attack your troops if they come too close Scout - Always use the scout button to see a battlefield before attacking, and look at the attack radius of each defensive weapon (by tapping on turrets and cannons) to plan your attack. ![]() ![]() So, don't worry about tiny buildings or out-of-the-way defences: focus on the HQ. Headquarters - Unlike in Clash of Clans, the only way to win a battle in Boom Beach is to destroy the enemy's headquarters. With these tips, you'll find out how to invade enemy bases, keep your troops alive, use your gunship's special abilities, and get the most from the early selection of unit types. So, whether you're a Clash of Clans veteran checking out Supercell's latest game or you're a complete newbie who has stumbled on this new free-to-play strategy game, the following handy tips should help you storm through the first few hours of the game. It's no secret that Boom Beach looks like, smells like, and feels like Supercell's very own Clash of Clans.īut there are also some key differences between the two.ĭifferences in the economy, in the way battles are laid out, in the control you have over troops, in the map, and in the progression. ![]() Seems like the creator of Eclipse understand something most of the people don’t. Everything is here on Eclipse for your work.’ You don’t have to customize much on Eclipse, your photos will determine all the mood on your blog. ‘ The ultra simplicity is what best describes Eclipse. I find Basic a great Tumblr theme for personal blogs, photographers, artists, and for anyone who likes an image focus site with an extremely clean design. Basic is simple but effective, like a microwave.’ ‘While still keeping it simple, fresh and zen alike, Basic offers a wide variety of features despite it’s name. The thing I like the most about Laser is the infinite scroll that looks beautiful in any browser. Laser is a clean and beautiful free Tumblr theme. We’ve cataloged 60 contemporary minimal Tumblr themes, cleverly coded to skip superfluous detailing that best serve blogs exploring a monochromatic, stripped-back aesthetic. It’s a blessing then that Tumblr recognizes the tech-savvy, micro-trend-leanings of its users and allows the customization of personal pages. Where the dashboard throws anything and everything together regardless of aesthetic, the URL’s of Tumblr’s users are often carefully curated, showcasing visually consistent themes and ideas. The action of scrolling endlessly through Vaporwave tracks, Seapunk GIFS, and Cyber Goth fashion, leaping between aesthetics almost instantaneously from post-to-post, is as over-stimulating as it is addictive. ![]() ![]() The timeline’s visual palette is noticeably idiosyncratic – lying outside of social media norms, favoring digital art and Photoshop edits over selfies and lifestyle photography. Tumblr’s dashboard is a one-size-fits-all UI that catalogs the often bizarre postings of an interconnected community of media-heavy blogs, sorted by time and date. We’ve searched the web and put together a list of the 60 best tweakable, sleek and modern minimal Tumblr themes for 2020. ![]() This particular opening is not very difficult to learn and would offer you a plethora of options to outwit your opponent. ![]() White has the option of leading a silent game by simply developing minor pieces towards the middle, opting to stay ahead in space and time. The game follows the majority of the central opening principles and opens up significant chances for both aggressive and non-aggressive players.Įvery response by black paves the way for white to select how to move the game forward. This is considered a particularly good opening in chess. In this particular opening, the dark-squared bishop is given prominence over the light one as the main minor piece. Not many who play at the top level use this as an opening move, but a few great games have made this a part of their strategy.Ī white player generally focuses on the light coloured squares, however, in this move the focus is on the dark squares. White starts by weakening its kingside and initiates a flack attack with its pawn at f on the centre. This strategy has been ranked as one of the most popular openings. Various Sicilian defenders use the Smith-Morra Gambit as their move. Thereafter, white would have various potential attacking lines at its disposal. The aim of White is to not just take out black from the regular Sicilian lines, but also to use its development advantage to overwhelm the black king.Įventually, white aims to place its rooks on the semi-open d file and the open c file. This is best for players who prefer to play aggressively. If you play white and make an e4 move for any length of time, then you are bound to encounter the Sicilian Defence many times. This strategy is an aggressive and sharp line against black’s Sicilian Defence. This particular defence often leads to a very intriguing and captivating game. Let’s have a look at some aggressive openings in the noble game of chess: The Smith-Morra Gambit The opening moves go a long way in deciding the course of the game.Īn aggressive opening move would be a crushing blow for your opponent who thereafter might be left scrambling to defend themselves.Īggressive openings work especially great if you catch your opponent unprepared and they do not know how to react to your opening moves correctly. ![]() You would need to have patience and keen observation skills too. ![]() The spirit of Improvement has withered them with its acrid breath.” The Columbia Spy for (reprinted in Doings of Gotham): “The old mansions are doomed. Treatments of these matters, compare “Some Words with a Mummy,” “Mellonta Tanta,” and especially his comment in Rejected the idea of egalitarian democracy, and feared the increasing ugliness of urban industrial growth. “Sonnet - To Science” and “The Island of the Fay.” He joined the ancients in the fable of the Golden Age, Who shall say where the one ends and the otherĮmphasized here is Poe's proclamation of his rejection of the idea of Progress, expressed also in his “The boundaries that divide Life from Death are at the best shadowy and vague. Will say again not only in his tales but in his poems, and what he later expresses so well in “The Premature Burial” (1844): Once again Poe is saying what he has said and Recording another of his imaginative excursions beyond the bourne of mortality, and in this sense it belongs with his other stories ofīurial and resurrection” (see Patrick Quinn, The French Face of Poe, p. This is the second of Poe's trilogy of dialogues of blessed spirits in Heaven the others are “TheĬonversation of Eiros and Charmion” of 1839 and “The Power of Words” of 1845. The observed effects place constraints on explanations of credibility's effects in particular, credibility's effects cannot be explained through the mere association of a given communicator with a particular position.THE COLLOQUY OF MONOS AND UNA 753), at least by comparison to other factors for which quantitative estimates of persuasive effect are available. The magnitude of the effects associated with identification‐timing variations is quite large (mean absolute value of d =. low‐credibility source with a proattitudinal position, or a high‐credibility source with a non‐proattitudinal position) have persuasive effectiveness reduced by delayed identification, whereas those combinations that are ordinarily relatively disadvantageous (a high‐credibility source with a proattitudinal position, or a low‐credibility source with a non‐proattitudinal position) enjoy enhanced effectiveness with delayed identification. In particular, those combinations of credibility level and advocated position that are ordinarily (i.e., with pre‐message identification) relatively advantageous (a. Examining levels of language and explanation helps us solve logical inconsistencies that have appeared to present philosophical problems in the past.Ī review of extant research evidence indicates that when source identification is delayed until after the message has been presented, the differential effectiveness of high‐ and low‐credibility communicators is reduced. The present state of communication research probably does not allow us to venture into hermeneutics, because of the incomplete nature of what is presently known about communication processes and effects. They maintain that contemporary empirical reasoning has much to offer that subjectivist thought does not. The authors focus on recent critiques of empiricism, which are frequently cited as a basis for support of interpretive approaches. ![]() Although it is highly unlikely that invariant laws of a universal nature will ever be discovered about any kind of phenomenon, critics of conventional science often cite this as an example of the deficiencies of empiricism without being aware of more recent interpretations or modifications of empirical reasoning. Perceived difficulties inherent in logical empiricism cited by “action theorists” ignore interpretations and modifications of empirical reasoning. We need not necessarily have “more” theories, but rather critical analysis of our frames of reference. ![]() We should be reflecting upon such questions as: what kind of theory is needed? How “big” (in terms of scope or domain) should our theories be-for example, overarching or middle-range? What deeply-rooted assumptions and ideologies underlie the variables and propositions comprising theories in this field (“theories” here taken in the most broad, generous sense and referring really to bits and pieces of theories, or to vaguely defined theoretical approaches, such as “human resources” or “systems”)? Most of the research questions described in our literature not only fall short of theoretical sophistication, but they typically incorporate various philosophical and ideological premises these premises (usually not stated explicitly) decisively influence both the nature of the research questions themselves but also, of course, our methodologies, our categories, our study designs, and our conclusions. Organizational communication researchers, while paying thoughtful attention to recent assertions about the almost total absence of significant theory, should profit by the kinds of searching inquiry being undertaken in other areas of communication and of the social sciences in general. |